Thulium
69
Tm
Gruppe
I/T
Periode
6
Blokk
f
Protoner
Elektroner
Nøytroner
69
69
100
Generelle egenskaper
Atomnummer
69
Atomvekt
168,93421
Massetall
169
Kategori
Lantanoider
Farge
Sølv
Radioaktiv
Nei
Named after Thule, the earliest name for Scandinavia
Krystallstruktur
Simple Hexagonal
Historie
Thulium was discovered by Swedish chemist Per Teodor Cleve in 1879 by looking for impurities in the oxides of other rare earth elements.
The first researcher to obtain nearly pure thulium was Charles James, a British expatriate working on a large scale at New Hampshire College in Durham.
High-purity thulium oxide was first offered commercially in the late 1950s.
The first researcher to obtain nearly pure thulium was Charles James, a British expatriate working on a large scale at New Hampshire College in Durham.
High-purity thulium oxide was first offered commercially in the late 1950s.
Elektroner per energinivå
2, 8, 18, 31, 8, 2
Elektronkonfigurasjon
[Xe] 4f13 6s2
Thulium ore occurs most commonly in China
Fysikalske egenskaper
Fase
Fast stoff
Tetthet
9,321 g/cm3
Smeltepunkt
1818,15 K | 1545 °C | 2813 °F
Kokepunkt
2223,15 K | 1950 °C | 3542 °F
Smeltevarme
16,8 kJ/mol
Fordampningsvarme
250 kJ/mol
Spesifikk varmekapasitet
0,16 J/g·K
Forekomst i jordskorpa
0,000045%
Forekomst i universet
1×10-8%
CAS Number
7440-30-4
PubChem CID Number
23961
Atomegenskaper
Atomradius
176 pm
Kovalent radius
190 pm
Elektronegativitet
1,25 (Pauling-skalaen)
Ioniseringsenergi
6,1843 eV
Molart volum
18,1 cm3/mol
Termisk ledningsevne
0,168 W/cm·K
Oksidasjonstilstander
2, 3
Bruksområder
Thulium is used to dope yttrium aluminum garnets used in lasers.
It has also been used in high-temperature superconductors similarly to yttrium.
Thulium has use in ferrites, ceramic magnetic materials that are used in microwave equipment.
Thulium is used in euro banknotes for its blue fluorescence under UV light to defeat counterfeiters.
It has also been used in high-temperature superconductors similarly to yttrium.
Thulium has use in ferrites, ceramic magnetic materials that are used in microwave equipment.
Thulium is used in euro banknotes for its blue fluorescence under UV light to defeat counterfeiters.
Thulium is considered to be non-toxic
Isotoper
Stabile isotoper
169TmUstabile isotoper
145Tm, 146Tm, 147Tm, 148Tm, 149Tm, 150Tm, 151Tm, 152Tm, 153Tm, 154Tm, 155Tm, 156Tm, 157Tm, 158Tm, 159Tm, 160Tm, 161Tm, 162Tm, 163Tm, 164Tm, 165Tm, 166Tm, 167Tm, 168Tm, 170Tm, 171Tm, 172Tm, 173Tm, 174Tm, 175Tm, 176Tm, 177Tm, 178Tm, 179Tm